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One of these tools that is widely used in the photonics industry is Zemax OpticStudio®. Today's optical design solutions provide great tools for engineers to simulate and optimize optical system performance.
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Optical system design tools are used worldwide to shorten development time, to decrease the number of prototyping iterations, and to reduce expenses all the way from prototype development to completion of the commercial product. The precision accuracy is where diffractive optics, with all the aforementioned advantages, fit in. Otherwise, overall performance may be severely affected. STED microscopy is a technique for measuring submicron structures, which requires the system to be highly precise and accurate. DOE made of fused silica have an outstanding laser damage threshold, surface deviation and micro-roughness, and mechanical properties.įigure 2: Diffractive surface of a 16-level VL DOE measured with an optical profilometer. The last step in the DOE manufacturing process is deploying an anti-reflective coating layer. Figure 2 shows an actual diffractive structure of a 16-level vortex lens measured by an optical profilometer. To achieve optimal optical efficiency, up to 4 lithography steps are often applied to create 16 levels of microstructures. This creates a binary pattern microstructure at the surface of the millimeter-scale thick optical window. The main production processes for DOE consist of several repeating steps including photoresist wafer coating followed by direct UV lithography and repeated etching directly into the fused silica substrate. In many cases, DOE present a much more cost-effective beam shaping method than their refractive counterparts that frequently demand complex electro-opto-mechanics, making DOE a more robust solution when it comes to lifetime value. They are flat, thin, and easy to integrate into any opto-mechanical design. In diffractive optics fabrication processes, similar methods to those used in the semiconductor industry are applied, giving DOE perfect angular accuracy with extremely low manufacturing tolerances. The use of Zemax OpticStudio® and the objective black box will be discussed.įigure 1: Schematic setup of STED microscope system showing the excitation (532 nm) and depletion (640 nm) lasers used to create the donut-shaped beam.ĭOE are micro-optical window-like phase elements designed to modify the phase of the light that propagates through them to create various shaping functions, the main ones being multichannel splitting, spatial shaping, and focal shaping. that simplify the optical design part of the complex design and setup of a STED microscope.
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This article provides details and methods used by Holo/Or Ltd. Holo/Or has a long history of successful cooperation with leading research institutes around the world, providing high-quality optical elements and technical support for research and academic excellence. Our DOE are integrated in laser systems in various application fields including science, microscopy, medicine, aesthetics, material processing, metrology, and many others. Holo/Or offers a vast variety of standard and custom diffractive optics and micro-optics products, including multi-channel beam splitters, spatial beam shapers (flat-top, homogenizers/diffusers, ring/donut shapers), focal beam shapers (multi-focal, elongated focus), and more. (established 1989), an Israel-based manufacturer, designs and manufactures diffractive optical elements (DOE) and micro-optical elements. Only the fluorescence from a small, sub-diffraction limited region is left, enabling super resolution.ĭesigning and setting up a STED microscope system is a complex task that requires multidisciplinary knowledge in the fields of laser design, laser optics, general geometrical and physical optics concepts, laser beam shaping, mechanics, electronics, analysis software, and more. By using the non-linear response of fluorophores, STED forces the excited fluorophores at the donut profile to emit at a longer wavelength that is then optically filtered out. Developed to bypass the diffraction limit of light microscopy, which is the main limit to the resolution of traditional light microscopes, it creates super-resolution images by illumination of fluorophores in a ring-like (donut) pattern that depletes the fluorescence from the outside area of the donut, thus minimizing the area of illumination at the sample focal point and enhancing the achievable resolution for a given system. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is a well-known technique for achieving super resolution in microscopy, that is, resolving details that are smaller than the diffraction limit of an optical system.